Abstract: Eucalyptus planted forests contribute to maximizing lumber production but problems such as longitudinal growth strain can negatively influence the quality of the products. Knowing dendrometric variables and wood properties can help in the prediction of longitudinal growth strain, mainly with the help of artificial intelligence. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the use of artificial neural networks to predict longitudinal growth strain in Eucalyptus trees based on dendrometric variables, spacing between trees and wood density. The longitudinal growth strain was measured in trees of four Eucalyptus clones planted in three spacings. The diameter and height of each tree were measured. The basic wood density was determined. Artificial neural networks were used to estimate longitudinal growth strain as a function of dendrometric variables, tree spacing and wood density. The results showed that the artificial neural networks presented good results for training and validation, with most of them resulting in high correlation coefficient values. The trained artificial neural networks showed a correlation coefficient above 0,56. Artificial neural networks showed that the variables clone and basic wood density were the ones that most contributed to the prediction of longitudinal growth strain. On the other hand, the spacing between trees, the height of the tree and the diameter at breast height were not relevant to predict growth stresses.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of the air circulation speed and the final moisture content of pine lumber after kiln drying by using geostatistics. Two kilns acting on boards of 27 mm and 42 mm were evaluated. Air circulation speed and final moisture content were collected in different regions of the kilns. There was no significant difference for air circulation speed and final moisture content between the front and rear regions of the equipment. In the horizontal axis (Y-axis), air circulation speed averages did not differ statistically in both situations, but higher values for this variable were obtained from the spaces between the piles. Final moisture content tended to increase when closer to the door opening. In the vertical axis (Z-axis), the lower part tended to reach higher air circulation speed values. Thus, the spatial behavior influences the air circulation speed and final moisture content during lumber drying. Besides, the variograms presented the same tendency in comparison to the data obtained in a conventional manner, which indicates that geostatistics can be used to represent variables in kilns during the drying process.

Abstract Among the regions of the Southern Ocean, the northern Antarctic Peninsula (NAP) has emerged as a hotspot of climate change investigation. Nonetheless, studies have indicated issues and knowledge gaps that must be addressed to expand the understanding of the carbonate system in the region. Therefore, we focused on identifying current knowledge about sea-air CO2 fluxes (FCO2), anthropogenic carbon (Cant) and ocean acidification along NAP and provide a better comprehension of the key physical processes controlling the carbonate system. Regarding physical dynamics, we discuss the role of water masses formation, climate modes, upwelling and intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water, and mesoscale processes. For FCO2, we show that the summer season corresponds to a strong sink in coastal areas, leading to CO2 uptake that is greater than or equal to that of the open ocean. We highlight that the prevalence of summer studies prevents comprehending processes occurring throughout the year and the net annual CO2 balance in the region. Thus, temporal investigations are necessary to determine natural environmental fluctuations and to distinguish natural variability from anthropogenically driven changes. We emphasize the importance of more studies regarding Cant uptake rate, accumulation, and export to global oceans.

Abstract Aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the biometrics of vessel-ray pits (RVP) and intervessel pits (IVP) with the water flow in different axes of Corymbia citriodora wood. C. citriodora wood specimens were used to correlate RVP and IVP dimensions with free water (FWFR), adsorbed (AWFR) and total (TWFR) flow. Correlations were made for three wood axes. Larger diameters of RVP facilitated FWFR, AWFR and TWFR in axial and tangential axis, however reduced permeability in radial direction of wood. Larger openings of IVPs reduced FWFR, AWFR and TWFR in axial axis of wood. Larger IVPs openings allowed higher FWFR and TWFR in wood radial and tangential directions, however, concomitantly reduced AWR. Effect of diameter of RVP and IVP on wood permeability should be evaluated for each axis. Thus, the opening of the C. citriodora wood pits can interfere in its permeability and consequently in its processing.

Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between Vessel-Ray Pits (VRP) and Intervessel Pits (IVP) and water flows in the different axes of Eucalyptus urophylla wood. Samples of E. urophylla wood were used to correlate the VRP and IVP dimensions with free, adsorbed and total water flow rates. Correlations were conducted for the three axes of the wood. Results indicated that overall, it could be observed that the greater VRP and IVP in the axial axis of wood increased free water and absorbed water flows. On the one hand, the greater VRP in the radial and tangential directions reduced the free water flow and increased the absorbed water flow. On the other hand, the greater IVP in the radial and tangential directions of the wood accelerated the free water outlet and reduced the absorbed water flow. The VRP and IVP of E. urophylla wood influenced water flow according to its physical state and wood axis.

Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the free and bound water flows in the different axes of Corymbia citriodora wood during drying. Wood samples were taken from the inner and outer regions of the tree stem from seven-years-old experimental plantations. The blocks were prepared for the water flow to occur in each wood axis and they were dried up to the final moisture content of 12%. Free water (FWFR), bound water (BWFR) and total water (TWFR) flow rates were calculated. The relationship between loss of moisture content and time presented an exponential curve, especially in the radial and tangential wood axes. Water flow in the three wood directions presented higher FWFR than TWFR (which was higher than BWFR). Free water flow was ~10 times higher than adsorbed water flow, considering values for moisture content between ~80% to ~12%. Free water movement in the longitudinal direction of the wood was ~2 times greater than in the radial axis and ~3 times greater than in the tangential axis. Bound water movement in the longitudinal direction of the wood was ~2 times greater than in the transverse direction. Bound water flow in the radial axis of the wood was statistically equal to the one in the tangential axis. The results indicate that the intensity of free and bound water flows changes according to the direction of Corymbia citriodora wood.

Resumen El objeto del estudio es caracterizar de forma antropológica las producciones brasileñas en bioética, en específico artículos científicos. La cuestión orientadora de la investigación es: ¿cuál es la caracterización antropológica presente en los artículos científicos en bioética en Brasil? Las teorías bioéticas prominentes presentan indicadores de antropología restrictiva, es decir, que atribuyen dignidad solo a miembros de la especie humana que sean detentores de algunos atributos, entre ellos, conciencia y autoconciencia, en contraposición con indicadores de antropología integral en relación con los seres humanos, o sea, que atribuyen igual dignidad a todos los miembros de la especie Homo sapiens. Se concluye la prominencia de indicadores de antropología integral y la divergencia teórica en las temáticas relacionadas con el inicio de la vida, sobre todo entre utilitarismo y personalismo.

Abstract The aim of the study is to characterize Brazilian bioethics outputs anthropologically, specifically scientific articles. The guiding question of this research is: What is the anthropological characterization present in scientific articles on bioethics in Brazil? Prominent bioethical theories show restrictive anthropology indicators; i.e., dignity is given only to members of the human species that have certain attributes, including conscience and self-consciousness, as opposed to comprehensive anthropology indicators in relation to human beings; i.e., dignity is equally assigned to all members of the Homo sapiens species. In conclusion, comprehensive anthropology indicators and theoretical divergence in relation to the origin of life, especially between utilitarianism and personalism, prevail.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar de forma antropológica as produções brasileiras em bioética, em específico artigos científicos. A questão norteadora da pesquisa é: qual a caracterização antropológica presente nos artigos científicos em bioética no Brasil? As teorias bioéticas proeminentes apresentam indicadores de antropologia restritiva, isto é, que atribuem dignidade apenas a membros da espécie humana que sejam detentores de alguns atributos, dentre eles, consciência e autoconsciência, em contraponto com indicadores de antropologia integral em relação com os seres humanos, ou seja, que atribuem igual dignidade a todos os membros da espécie Homo sapiens. Conclui-se a proeminência de indicadores de antropologia integral e a divergência teórica nas temáticas relacionadas ao início da vida, principalmente entre utilitarismo e personalismo. .

Resumo Rhynchosia possui distribuição pantropical, apresentando dois principais centros de diversidade para as cerca de 230 espécies, um na África (ca. 140 spp.) e outro nas Américas, onde é registrada a ocorrência de 55 espécies. Este trabalho consiste em um estudo taxônomico do gênero Rhynchosia para o Brasil onde foram encontradas 19 espécies: Rhynchosia arenicola, R. balansae, R. claussenii, R. corylifolia, R. diversifolia, R. edulis, R. hauthalii, R. lateritia, R. leucophylla, R. lineata, R. melanocarpa, R. minima, R. naineckensis, R. phaseoloides, R. platyphylla, R. reticulata, R. rojasii, R. senna, R. schomburgkii. Foram registradas duas novas ocorrências no Brasil, R. claussenii no estado do Maranhão e R. edulis no estado do Espírito Santo. Foi realizado um estudo morfológico para reavaliar os caracteres diagnósticos para pronta identificação das espécies, facilitando a delimitação dos táxons. Além disso, foram fornecidas ilustrações, chave de identificação, descrições e breves comentários, além de dados de distribuição geográfica.

Abstract Rhynchosia presents a pantropical distribution, with two main centers of diversity for about 230 species, one in Africa (ca. 140 spp.) and the other in the American continents, where 55 species are recorded. This work consists in a taxonomic study of the genus Rhynchosia in Brazil where 19 species were recorded: Rhynchosia arenicola, R. balansae, R. claussenii, R. corylifolia, R. diversifolia, R. edulis, R. hauthalii, R. lateritia, R. leucophylla, R. lineata, R. melanocarpa, R. minima, R. naineckensis, R. phaseoloides, R. platyphylla, R. reticulata, R. rojasii, R. senna, R. schomburgkii. Two new occurrences were registered for Brazil, R. claussenii in Maranhão state and R. edulis in Espírito Santo state. A morphological study was carried out to re-evaluate the diagnostic characteristics for prompt identification of the species, facilitating the delimitation of taxa. In addition, illustrations, descriptions, comments, and geographical distribution data were provided.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número adequado de discos de madeira, as melhores posições de amostragem, ao longo do fuste e propor equações que permitam estimar a densidade básica da madeira de árvores, a partir de um número reduzido de discos, em diversas fisionomias florestais, para subsidiar estimativas de biomassa. Os dados de cubagem rigorosa das árvores foram obtidos no Inventário Florestal de Minas Gerais, advindas de 1.325 árvores, distribuídas em regiões, classes de diâmetro e altura e em diversas fisionomias florestais. De cada árvore foram retirados cinco discos de madeira nas posições 0 (A), 25 (B), 50 (C), 75 (D) e 100% (E) da altura comercial. A densidade básica da madeira de cada disco foi determinada, conforme a ABNT NBR 11.941 (2003), e a densidade geral do fuste, a partir da média aritmética entre as densidades dos discos. Os dados foram analisados, com base na análise de regressão, critério de informação de Akaike, erro padrão da estimativa e análise gráfica de resíduos. Os resultados indicaram que, em geral, a melhor posição de amostragem, para estimativa da densidade básica da madeira do fuste com apenas um disco, deve ser efetuada na metade do fuste principal, com dois discos nas posições 25 e 75% da altura e com três discos nas posições 0, 50 e 100% da altura do fuste. Observou-se, também, que a melhor estimativa da densidade básica do fuste sempre será dada por aquela com maior número de discos, entretanto, é possível estimar com alta precisão a densidade do fuste com menor número de discos, desde que amostrados em posições específicas do fuste e inseridos nas equações propostas de acordo com cada fitofisionomia.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable number of discs, the best sampling positions along the stem and to propose equations to estimate the basic density of trees using a reduced number of discs in various phytophysiognomies, in order to subsidize biomass estimates. The detailed scaling data of the trees were obtained from the Forest Inventory of Minas Gerais state, and is composed by 1,325 trees distributed in regions, diameters and height classes and various forest formations. We took five discs from each at positions 0 (A), 25 (B), 50 (C) 75 (D) and 100% (E) of commercial height. The density of each disk was determined according to ABNT NBR 11.941 (2003) and the overall stem density from the arithmetic mean of the disc densities. Analyses were performed by regression analysis, the Akaike Information Criterion, Standard Error of the Estimate and graphical analysis of residuals. The results indicated that, in general, the best sampling position for estimating the basic density of stem wood with only one disc should be performed in the middle of the main stem, with two discs in positions 25 and 75% in height and with three discs at positions 0, 50 and 100% of the stem height. We also observed that the best estimate of stem density will always be given by the largest number of discs. However, it is possible to estimate the density of the trees with high precision, with a smaller number of discs provided that they are sampled at specific positions of the stem and inserted in the Equations according to each phytophysiology.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate the free and adsorbed water flow in short logs of Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora clones. 40 cm long, short logs were extracted from the base of the trees. Three trees each of C. citriodora and E. urophylla (A and B clones) were used. 27 logs were debarked and dried to achieve stabilization of mass. Free water (FWFR), adsorbed water (AWFR) and total water (TWFR) flow rates, and basic density were calculated. FWFR was greater than TWFR, which was superior to AWFR. The B clone wood showed a higher FWFR value and a lower AWFR value when compared to the other materials. On the other hand, the A clone wood showed a higher TWFR than the other materials. The TWFR was inversely proportional to density.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resistência natural da madeira de carvoeiro (Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel) a cupins xilófagos em ensaio de alimentação forçada. Para a avaliação da resistência da madeira foram utilizadas 9 toras, de cuja região periférica do cerne foram retiradas 45 amostras de 2,54 × 2,00 × 0,64 cm (longitudinal × radial × tangencial), sendo 5 de cada planta. Foram utilizadas amostras de madeira de Pinus sp. como padrão de comparação. O experimento foi conduzido em frascos de vidro de 600 mL contendo 200 g de areia e 1 ± 0,05 g de cupins do gênero Nasutitermes. Transcorrido o período de ensaio, observou-se que o dano causado pelos térmitas à madeira foi somente superficial. Pela análise geral dos dados, a madeira da espécie testada foi classificada como altamente resistente ao ataque dos cupins, podendo ser indicada para uso em locais com incidência desses insetos.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the natural resistance of the coal wood (Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel) to xylophagous termites in force-feeding assay. Nine logs were used to evaluate the wood strength, which were removed from the core peripheral region of 45 samples measuring 2.54 × 2.00 × 0.64 cm (longitudinal × radial × tangential), five from each plant. Pinus sp. wood samples were usedas a comparison standard. The experiment was conducted in 600 ml glass bottles containing 200 g of sand and 1 ± 0.05 g of Nasutitermes termites. Passed the test period, it was observed that the termites caused only superficial damage to the wood. The overall data analysis indicates that the tested wood was classified as highly resistant to termite attack and may be suitable for use in locations affected by them.

Relatamos uma condição rara, pouco descrita na literatura, que é a fratura da extremidade proximal da tíbia após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior com enxerto autólogo osso-tendão patelar-osso. Neste relato, discutiremos fatores predisponentes ao episódio, tratamento e evolução do caso após tratamento cirúrgico.

We report a rare condition that has been little described in the literature: a fracture of the proximal extremity of the tibia after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an autologous patellar bone-tendon graft. In this report, we discuss the factors that predisposed toward this episode, the treatment and the evolution of the case after the surgical treatment.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estudar a permeabilidade ao ar e ao liquido no sentido longitudinal na madeira de Amapá (Brosimum parinarioides Ducke) oriunda da floresta amazônica. Além disso, identificar a influência das características anatômicas e químicas na permeabilidade dessa madeira. Foram coletadas no Estado do mPará - Brasil, três árvores de Amapá, das quais corpos-de-prova foram retirados e submetidos aos ensaios de permeabilidade, caracterização anatômica e análise química. A permeabilidade ao ar na madeira de Amapá foi de 63,7.10-9 m³.[m.(N.m-2).s]-1 e ao líquido de 2.07.10-9 m³.[m.(N.m-2).s]-1. Ocorreram baixas correlações entre a permeabilidade ao ar e ao líquido e as características anatômicas.

This paper aimed to study the permeability to air and liquid, in the longitudinal direction of "amapá" wood (Brosimum parinarioides Ducke), originating from the Amazon Forest. Furthermore, the influence of anatomical and chemical characteristics in the permeability of the wood was investigated. For this study, samples were collected from three trees, in the state of Pará, Brazil, and submitted to permeability test, anatomical characterization, and chemical analyses. The permeability to the air of the "amapá" wood was estimated at 63.7.10-9 m³.[m.(N.m-2).s]-1 and to the liquid was 2.07.10-9 m³.[m.(N.m-2).s]-1. There were low correlations between air and liquid permeability and the anatomical features.

A estocagem ao ar livre é o método mais utilizado de secagem de madeira para produção de carvão. Todavia, a secagem natural de toras é pouco estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre estocagem e propriedades energéticas da madeira e do carvão. Toras de 1,2 m de comprimento, retiradas dos troncos a 1,3 m do solo, de dez diferentes materiais genéticos, foram utilizadas. As carbonizações ocorreram em mufla após um, dois e três meses de estocagem, à taxa de aquecimento de 1,67ºC/min, temperatura máxima de 450ºC e tempo de residência de 30 minutos. O poder calorífico da madeira, o rendimento gravimétrico na base seca e úmida, a análise química imediata e o poder calorífico do carvão foram avaliados. O poder calorífico líquido da madeira aumentou após a estocagem e, baseado neste parâmetro, o tempo ótimo de estocagem variou entre dois e três meses para os diferentes materiais. Considerando-se a carbonização, apenas o rendimento gravimétrico na base úmida foi afetado pela estocagem. A secagem foi importante para reduzir a umidade da madeira, favorecendo seu uso para energia.

The storage of logs in outdoors areas is the most commonly used wood drying method for charcoal production; however, studies on outdoor drying of logs are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time on the energetic properties of wood and charcoal. Logs of 1.2 meters in length extracted from trunks of 10 different clones at 1.3 m above ground level were used in this study. Carbonization in muffle furnace occurred after one, two and three months of storage at a heating rate of 1.67 ºC, maximum temperature of 450 ºC, and residence time of 30 minutes. Wood calorific value, gravimetric yields on dry and wet bases, chemical analysis, and charcoal calorific value were evaluated. The net calorific value of wood increased with storage time; the optimum storage time ranged between two and three months for different materials. Among the carbonization parameters, only the gravimetric yield on wet basis changed with storage time. Drying was important to reduce wood moisture, favoring its use for energy production.

A produção de carvão vegetal se destaca como matéria-prima para a produção de energia renovável. A holocelulose e a lignina são mais abordadas em estudos sobre a qualidade da madeira para fins energéticos, enquanto a influência de extrativos nesse parâmetro é pouco conhecida. O objetivo foi avaliar a relação entre o teor de extrativos em água fria, diclorometano e totais e as propriedades energéticas da madeira e do carvão vegetal de seis espécies. Os extrativos foram removidos com diferentes solventes para serem contabilizados e o poder calorífico superior da madeira, determinado. A madeira foi carbonizada a uma taxa de aquecimento de 1,67 ºC/min, temperatura máxima de 450 ºC e tempo de residência de 30 min. O teor de extrativos foi correlacionado com o rendimento gravimétrico, densidade relativa aparente, química imediata e poder calorífico do carvão. A remoção dos extrativos totais e solúveis em diclorometano reduziu o poder calorífico da madeira da maioria das espécies avaliadas. Os extrativos em água fria não se relacionaram com os parâmetros da carbonização. O teor de extrativos em diclorometano apresentou correlação com o teor de materiais voláteis, carbono fixo e poder calorífico. O teor de extrativos totais se relacionou com o rendimento gravimétrico, densidade relativa aparente e poder calorífico do carvão vegetal.

Charcoal production stands out as a raw material for the production of renewable energy. To assess wood quality in energy terms, studies have focused more on the holocellulose and lignin content than on the role of extractives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the extractive content in cold water, in dichloromethane and total on energy properties of wood and charcoal, from six trees species. The extractives were removed with different solvents to be recorded and gross calorific value of wood was determined. The wood was carbonized at 1.67°C/min heating rate until maximum of 450°C and residence time of 30 min. The extractive content was correlated with the gravimetric yield, apparent relative density, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value of charcoal. The removal of total extractives and extractives soluble in dichloromethane reduced the gross calorific value of wood of most species evaluated. The extractives removed in cold water did not correlate with the parameters of carbonization. The extractives content in dichloromethane correlated with volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value. Total extractive content correlated with gravimetric yield, apparent relative density and gross calorific value of charcoal.